Élémentaire - The interactive periodic table of elements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
K
1 1 H1,0
4 2 He4,0
L
7 3 Li6,9
9 4 Be9,0
11 5 B10,8
12 6 C12,0
14 7 N14,0
16 8 O16,0
19 9 F19,0
20 10 Ne20,2
M
23 11 Na23,0
24 12 Mg24,3
27 13 Al27,0
28 14 Si28,1
31 15 P31,0
32 16 S32,1
35 17 Cl35,5
40 18 Ar39,9
N
39 19 K39,1
40 20 Ca40,1
45 21 Sc45,0
48 22 Ti47,9
51 23 V50,9
52 24 Cr52,0
55 25 Mn54,9
56 26 Fe55,8
59 27 Co58,9
58 28 Ni58,7
63 29 Cu63,5
64 30 Zn65,4
69 31 Ga69,7
74 32 Ge72,6
75 33 As74,9
80 34 Se79,0
79 35 Br79,9
84 36 Kr83,8
O
85 37 Rb85,5
88 38 Sr87,6
89 39 Y88,9
90 40 Zr91,2
93 41 Nb92,9
98 42 Mo95,9
98 43 Tc(98)
102 44 Ru101,1
103 45 Rh102,9
106 46 Pd106,4
107 47 Ag107,9
114 48 Cd112,4
115 49 In114,8
120 50 Sn118,7
121 51 Sb121,8
130 52 Te127,6
127 53 I126,9
129 54 Xe131,3
P
133 55 Cs132,9
138 56 Ba137,3
Lanthanides
180 72 Hf178,5
181 73 Ta180,9
184 74 W183,3
187 75 Re186,2
192 76 Os190,2
193 77 Ir192,2
195 78 Pt195,1
197 79 Au197,0
202 80 Hg200,6
205 81 Tl204,4
208 82 Pb207,2
209 83 Bi209,0
210 84 Po(209)
210 85 At210
222 86 Rn(222)
Q
223 87 Fr(223)
226 88 Ra(226)
Actinides
261 104 Rf(261)
262 105 Db(262)
-- 106 Sg(266)
-- 107 Bh(264)
-- 108 Hs(277)
-- 109 Mt(268)
-- 110 Ds(271)
-- 111 Rg(272)
-- 112 Cn(285)
-- 113 Nh(283)
-- 114 Fl(285)
-- 115 Mc(287)
-- 116 Lv(289)
-- 117 Ts(--)
-- 118 Og(293)
Lanthanides
139 57 La138,9
140 58 Ce140,1
141 59 Pr140,9
142 60 Nd144,2
146 61 Pm(145)
152 62 Sm150,4
153 63 Eu152,0
158 64 Gd157,3
159 65 Tb158,9
164 66 Dy162,5
165 67 Ho164,9
166 68 Er167,3
169 69 Tm168,9
174 70 Yb173,0
175 71 Lu175,0
Actinides
227 89 Ac(227)
232 90 Th232,0
231 91 Pa231,0
238 92 U238,0
237 93 Np(237)
244 94 Pu(244)
243 95 Am(243)
247 96 Cm(247)
247 97 Bk(247)
251 98 Cf(251)
254 99 Es(252)
257 100 Fm(257)
258 101 Md(258)
259 102 No(259)
260 103 Lr(262)
× Hydrogen
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 1 proton and 0 neutron 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s1 🔹s-block
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -259,1°C 🔸Boiling point: -252,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 53 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 13,598 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: O,755 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,20
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1766 💠Most common element in universe.
× Helium
Helium inflated balloons.
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 2 protons and 2 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Noble gases
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: N/A 🔸Boiling point: -269°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 31 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 24,587 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1895 💠Used in balloons and as a cooling agent in science.
× Lithium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 3 protons and 4 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s1 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkali metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 180,54°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 342°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 167 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,391 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,618 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,98
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1817 💠Used in batteries and medicine
× Beryllium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 4 protons and 5 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkaline earth metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 287°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 470°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 112 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,323 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 600 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,57
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1797 💠Used in aerospace, present in some precious gems, toxic.
× Boron
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 5 protons and 6 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p1 🔹p-block🔹Family: Boron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 075°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 000°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 87 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,298 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,277 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,04
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1808 💠Used as insecticides, effective neutron absorber.
× Carbon
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 6 protons and 6 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p2 🔹p-block🔹Family: Carbon
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 3 550°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 027°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 67 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 11,261 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,595 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,55
Context 💠Year Discovered: 3750 BC 💠Life’s foundation, used in materials. From pen to diamond.
× Nitrogen
Liquid Nitrogen
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 7 protons and 7 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p3 🔹p-block🔹Family: Nitrogen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -210,1°C 🔸Boiling point: -195,8°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 56 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 14,534 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,07 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 3,04
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1772 💠Cryogenic
× Oxygen
Liquid Oxygen
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 8 protons and 8 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p4 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oxygen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -218°C 🔸Boiling point: -183°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 48 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 13,618 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,46 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 3,44
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1774 💠Breathing, steelmaking, rocket propellant.
× Fluorine
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 9 protons and 10 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p5 🔹p-block🔹Family: Halogens
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -220°C 🔸Boiling point: -188,1°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 42 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 17,422 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 3,40 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 3,98
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1886 💠Dental care, welding
× Neon
Neon gas placed in a high voltage electric field
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 10 protons and 10 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 🔹p-block🔹Family: Noble gases
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -248,6°C 🔸Boiling point: -246,1°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 38 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 21,565 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1898 💠Emits light when placed in electric field.
× Sodium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 11 protons and 12 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s1 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkali metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 97,720°C 🔸Boiling point: 882,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 190 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,139 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,547 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 0,69 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,93
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1807 💠Table salt, food preservative, stabilizer.
× Magnesium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 12 protons and 12 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkaline earth metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 650°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 090°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated) 145 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,646 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: O eV 🔸Brinell scale: 260 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,31
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1755 💠Used in medicine, alloys used in aerospace.
× Aluminum
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 13 protons and 14 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p1 🔹p-block🔹Family: Boron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 660,32°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 519°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 118 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,985 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,440 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 245 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,61
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1825 💠Used in structures. Used for cans. Infinitely recyclable.
× Silicon
CPU chip using silicon
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 14 protons and 14 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p2 🔹p-block🔹Family: Carbon
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 414°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 900°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 111 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,151 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,385 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,90
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1824 💠Second most abundant element on earth, used in semiconductors
× Phosphorus
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 15 protons and 16 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p3 🔹p-block🔹Family: Nitrogen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 44,15°C 🔸Boiling point: 280,5°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 98 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 10,487 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,75 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,19
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1669 💠Used in fertilizers and to ignite matches (red P is converted in white P, by friction, which ignites instantly at 30°C).
× Sulfur
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 16 protons and 16 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oxygen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 115,21°C 🔸Boiling point: 444,72°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 88 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 10,36 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 2,07 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,58
Context 💠Year Discovered: 500 BC 💠Used to make acids or glass, on matches, explosives.
× Chlorine
Tablets containing chlorine for water treatment
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 17 protons and 18 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5 🔹p-block🔹Family: Halogens
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -101,5°C 🔸Boiling point: -34,040°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 79 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 12,968 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 3,62 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 3,16
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1774 💠Disinfectant, water treatment.
× Argon
Argon gas placed in a high voltage electric field
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 18 protons and 22 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p6 🔹p-block🔹Family: Noble gases
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -189°C 🔸Boiling point: -186°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 71 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 15,760 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1894 💠Emits light when placed in electric field.
× Potassium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 19 protons and 20 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s1 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkali metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 63,380°C 🔸Boiling point: 758,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 243 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus (Radioactive: isotope 40)🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 4,341 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,502 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 0,363 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,82
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1807 💠Helps maintaining fluid and blood volume.
× Calcium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 20 protons and 20 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkaline earth metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 841,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 484°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 194 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,113 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,0246 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 167 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,0
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1808 💠Strengthen bones and used in buildings.
× Scandium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 21 protons and 24 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d1 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Scandium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 541°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 830°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 184 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,562 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,188 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 750 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,36
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1879 💠Alloyed with Aluminum to be used in aerospace or sport equipments. Also used for lighting.
× Titanium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 22 protons and 26 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d2 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Titanium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 668°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 287°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 176 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,828 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,079 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 716 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,54
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1791 💠Mainly used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of its ability to withstand extremes temperatures.
× Vanadium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 23 protons and 28 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d3 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Vanadium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 910°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 407°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 171 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,746 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,524 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 628 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,63
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1801 💠Mainly used as a steel additive to make a very tough alloy.
× Chromium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 24 protons and 28 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d5 4s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Chromium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 907°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 671°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 166 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,767 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,666 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1120 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,66
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1797 💠Used to produce stainless steel or can be plated to provide corrosion resistance or increase hardness.
× Manganese
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 25 protons and 30 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d5 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Manganese
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 246°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 061°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 161 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,434 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 196 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,55
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1774 💠Used in steel production to enhance its properties.
× Iron
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 26 protons and 30 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d6 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Iron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 538°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 861°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 156 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,903 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,163 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 490 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,83
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2000 BC 💠Used in construction and transportation.
× Cobalt
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 27 protons and 32 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d7 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Cobalt
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 495°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 900°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 152 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,881 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,660 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 700 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,88
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1735 💠Make corrosion and wear-resistant alloys. Used in batteries because of its thermal stability and high energy density.
× Nickel
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 28 protons and 30 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Nickel
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 455°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 913°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 149 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,640 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,16 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 700 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,91
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1751 💠Used in armour plating, batteries and in coins.
× Copper
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 29 protons and 34 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Copper
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 084,62°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 562°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 145 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,727 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,227 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 874 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,90
Context 💠Year Discovered: 8000 BC 💠Used in electrical equipments (wires, motors...) due to its good heat and electrical conductivity.
× Zinc
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 30 protons and 34 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Zinc
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 419,53°C 🔸Boiling point: 906,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 142 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,394 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 412 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,65
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1500 💠Used in medicine, to protect steel from oxidation (galvanization), and batteries.
× Gallium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 31 protons and 38 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 🔹p-block🔹Family: Boron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 29,760°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 204°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 136 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,999 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,300 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 60 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,81
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1875 💠Mostly used in electronics and semiconductors.
× Germanium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 32 protons and 42 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 🔹p-block🔹Family: Carbon
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 938,25°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 820°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 125 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,90 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,23 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,01
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1886 💠Used in high-speed transistors.
× Arsenic
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 33 protons and 42 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 🔹p-block🔹Family: Nitrogen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 816,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 614°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 114 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,815 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,81 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1440 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,18
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1250 💠Poison. Also used in semiconductors.
× Selenium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 34 protons and 46 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oxygen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 221°C 🔸Boiling point: 685°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 103 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,753 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 2,02 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 736 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,55
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1817 💠Used to make pigments for ceramics, paint and plastics.
× Bromine
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 35 protons and 44 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 🔹p-block🔹Family: Halogens
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -7,350°C 🔸Boiling point: 58,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 94 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 11,814 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 3,364 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,96
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1826 💠Fire retardant.
× Krypton
Krypton gas placed in a high voltage electric field
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 36 protons and 48 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 🔹p-block🔹Family: Noble gases
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -157,36°C 🔸Boiling point: -153,22°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 88 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 14,000 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 3,0
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1898 💠Used as a gas for energy-saving fluorescent lights. Also used for lasers.
× Rubidium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 37 protons and 48 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s1 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkali metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 39,310°C 🔸Boiling point: 688°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 265 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 4,117 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,486 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 0,216 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,82
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1861 💠Used in atomic clocks (which uses oscillations of the electrons in atoms to measure extremely precise time. Useful for GPS systems and scientific research).
× Strontium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 38 protons and 50 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkaline earth metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 776,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 382°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 219 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,695 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,0521 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,95
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1790 💠Burns in air, reacts with water. Its salts are used to make red fireworks.
× Yttrium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 39 protons and 50 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d1 5s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Scandium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 526°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 345°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 212 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,22 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,307 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 589 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,22
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1794 💠Used as an additive in alloys, in lasers to cut through metals and in phosphors (such as LEDs).
× Zirconium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 40 protons and 50 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d2 5s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Titanium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 855°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 409°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 206 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,634 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,426 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 650 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,33
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1789 💠Used in ultra-strong ceramics and in nuclear power.
× Niobium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 41 protons and 52 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d4 5s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Vanadium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 477°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 744°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 198 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,759 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,892 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 736 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,6
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1801 💠Used in alloys. Superconductor used in magnets for particle accelerators.
× Molybdenum
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 42 protons and 56 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d5 5s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Chromium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 623°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 639°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 190 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,092 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,745 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1500 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,16
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1781 💠Makes high-strength steel.
× Technetium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 43 protons and 55 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d5 5s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Manganese
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 157°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 265°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 183 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,28 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,55 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,9
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1937 💠Used for medical imaging.
× Ruthenium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 44 protons and 58 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Iron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 334°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 150°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 178 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,361 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,050 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 2160 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,2
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1844 💠Used to make electrical contacts.
× Rhodium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 45 protons and 58 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d8 5s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Cobalt
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 964°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 695°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 173 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,459 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,137 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1100 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,28
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1803 💠One of the most used metals in catalysis. Plated in jewelry to make it shinier and more durable.
× Palladium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 46 protons and 60 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 🔹d-block🔹Family: Nickel
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 554,90°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 963°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 169 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,337 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,557 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 37,3 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,20
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1803 💠Used in fuel cells to power different things such as cars, also widely used in catalytic reactions.
× Silver
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 47 protons and 60 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Copper
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 961,780°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 162°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 165 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,576 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,302 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 24,5 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,93
Context 💠Year Discovered: 3000 BC 💠Used in the past as a currency, now used in jewelry.
× Cadmium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 48 protons and 66 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Zinc
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 321,07°C 🔸Boiling point: 766,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 161 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,994 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 203 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,69
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1817 💠Used in batteries and pigments in paints.
× Indium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 49 protons and 66 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 🔹p-block🔹Family: Boron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 156,60°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 072°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 156 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,786 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,300 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 8,83 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,78
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1863 💠Mainly used to make touch screens, flatscreen TVs and solar panels.
× Tin
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 50 protons and 70 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 🔹p-block🔹Family: Carbon
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 231,93°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 602°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 145 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,334 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,112 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 51 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,96
Context 💠Year Discovered: 3000 BC 💠Used in cans and as an electronic solder for joining circuit boards.
× Antimony
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 51 protons and 70 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 🔹p-block🔹Family: Nitrogen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 630,63°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 587°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 133 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,64 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,070 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 294 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,05
Context 💠Year Discovered: 3000 BC 💠Flame retardant.
× Tellurium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 52 protons and 78 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oxygen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 449,51°C 🔸Boiling point: 987,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 123 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,010 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,971 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 180 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,1
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1783 💠Used in solar cells, rewritable CDs and alloys.
× Iodine
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 53 protons and 74 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 🔹p-block🔹Family: Halogens
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 113,70°C 🔸Boiling point: 184,3°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 115 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 10,451 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 3,060 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,66
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1811 💠Used in medicine and as a disinfectant.
× Xenon
Xenon gas placed in a high voltage electric field
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 54 protons and 75 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 🔹p-block🔹Family: Noble gases
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -111,8°C 🔸Boiling point: -108,0°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 108 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 12,130 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,6
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1898 💠Used in lighting and anesthesia (due to its positive effects such as cardiovascular stability and cerebral protection).
× Cesium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 55 protons and 78 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 6s1 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkali metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 28,440°C 🔸Boiling point: 671°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 298 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 3,894 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,472 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 0,14 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,79
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1860 💠Used in atomic clocks and drilling.
× Barium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 56 protons and 82 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 6s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkaline earth metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 730°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 870°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 253 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,212 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,1446 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,89
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1808 💠Used in drilling fluids.
× Lanthanum
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 57 protons and 82 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 5d1 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 919,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 464°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,577 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,50 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 363 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,10
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1839 💠Used in alloys (including in lighter flints).
× Cerium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 58 protons and 82 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 797,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 360°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,539 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 412 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,12
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1803 💠Used as a pigment.
× Praseodymium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 59 protons and 82 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f3 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 930,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 290°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 247 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,46 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 481 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,13
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1885 💠Catalyst in the polishing of glass.
× Neodymium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 60 protons and 82 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f4 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 021°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 100°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 206 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,525 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 265 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,14
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1885 💠Used to make lasers.
× Promethium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 61 protons and 85 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f5 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 100°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 000°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 205 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,60 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1945 💠Used in nuclear batteries.
× Samarium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 62 protons and 90 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f6 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 072°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 803°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 238 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,643 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 441 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,17
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1879 💠Used in the control rods of nuclear reactors.
× Europium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 63 protons and 90 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f7 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 821,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 500°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 231 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,670 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1901 💠Excellent at absorbing neutrons. Also used in red phosphors.
× Gadolinium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 64 protons and 94 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 313°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 250°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 233 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,150 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,20
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1880 💠Used in MRI scans to improve the clarity of the images or pictures.
× Terbium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 65 protons and 94 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f9 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 356°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 230°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 225 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,864 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 667 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1843 💠Used in laser devices. Due to its luminescence it is used in colour phosphors in lighting. It is also used in euro bank notes to prevent forgeries.
× Dysprosium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 66 protons and 98 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f10 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 412°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 567°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 228 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,939 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 500 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,22
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1886 💠Used in nuclear reactors, laser materials.
× Holmium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 67 protons and 98 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f11 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 474°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 700°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 226 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,022 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 746 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,23
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1878 💠Used in nuclear reactors for nuclear control rods. Holmium oxide is used as yellow gas colouring.
× Erbium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 68 protons and 98 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f12 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 497°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 868°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 226 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,108 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 814 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,24
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1842 💠Used in amplifiers and lasers (for optical fiber).
× Thulium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 69 protons and 100 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 545°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 950°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 222 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,184 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 471 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,25
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1879 💠Used as a source of radiation from portable X-ray devices and in nuclear reactions.
× Ytterbium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 70 protons and 104 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 6s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 818,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 196°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 222 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,254 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 343 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1878 💠Used in memory devices and tuneable lasers.
× Lutetium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 71 protons and 104 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family : Lanthanides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 663°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 402°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 217 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,426 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,52 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 893 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,27
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1907 💠Catalyst.
× Hafnium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 72 protons and 108 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Titanium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 233°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 603°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 208 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,825 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1700 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1923 💠Good neutron absorber used in nuclear reactors.
× Tantalum
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 73 protons and 108 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Vanadium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 3 017°C 🔸Boiling point: 5 458°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 200 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,89 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,32 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 800 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,5
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1802 💠Used in high temperature resistant alloys.
× Tungsten
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 74 protons and 110 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Chromium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 3 422°C 🔸Boiling point: 5 555°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 193 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,98 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,815 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 2570 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,36
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1783 💠Used as filaments in light bulbs.
× Rhenium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 75 protons and 112 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Manganese
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 3 186°C 🔸Boiling point: 5 596°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 188 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,88 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,150 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1320 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,9
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1925 💠Really hard and heat resistant metal (has the third highest melting point and the highest boiling point).
× Osmium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 76 protons and 116 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Iron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 3 033°C 🔸Boiling point: 5 012°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 185 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,71 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,100 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 3920 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,2
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1803 💠Used to produce hard alloys for pen tips and electric contacts.
× Iridium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 77 protons and 116 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Cobalt
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 2 466°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 428°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 180 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,12 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,57 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 1670 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,20
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1803 💠It was used in making the standard meter bar.
× Platinum
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 78 protons and 117 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Nickel
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 768,3°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 825°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 177 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,02 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 2,128 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 392 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,28
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1735 💠Used in electronics and jewelry.
× Gold
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 79 protons and 118 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 🔹d-block🔹Family: Copper
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 064,18°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 856°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 174 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,225 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 2,309 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 25 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,54
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2500 BC 💠Currency, used in jewelry.
× Mercury
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 80 protons and 122 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Zinc
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -38,830°C 🔸Boiling point: 356,73°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 171 pm 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 10,438 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,0
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1500 BC 💠Only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Used in the past in thermometers but is highly toxic.
× Thallium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 81 protons and 124 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 🔹p-block🔹Family: Boron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 304°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 473°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 156 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,109 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,199 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 26,4 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,62
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1861 💠Tasteless and odorless, it has been used as a difficult to detect deadly poison.
× Lead
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 82 protons and 126 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 🔹p-block🔹Family: Carbon
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 327,46°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 749°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 154 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,417 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,364 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 38,3 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,33
Context 💠Year Discovered: 4000 BC 💠Widely used: pipes, ammunitions, batteries, radiation shielding (though it is toxic so becoming less used). Can come from Uranium by atomic decay.
× Bismuth
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 83 protons and 126 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 🔹p-block🔹Family: Nitrogen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 271,3°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 564°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 143 pm 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Stable nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 7,29 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0,945 eV 🔸Brinell scale: 94,2 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,02
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1400 BC 💠Used in fire-detection system, automatic fire-sprinkler systems. Used as a replacement of toxic lead in plumbing, bullets and alloys.
× Polonium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 84 protons and 126 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oxygen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 255°C 🔸Boiling point: 961,9°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 135 pm 🔸Group: Metalloids 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 8,417 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 1,900 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,0
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1898 💠Used in antistatic devices and for research purposes.
× Astatine
Illustration only
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 85 protons and 125 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 🔹p-block🔹Family: Halogens
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 302°C 🔸Boiling point: 350°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 127 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 9,22 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 2,799 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 2,2
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1940 💠Half-life: 8 hours.
× Radon
Illustration only of what Radon gas would appear like if placed in a high voltage electric field
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 86 protons and 136 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 🔹p-block🔹Family: Noble gases
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: -71,1°C 🔸Boiling point: -61,85°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): 120 pm 🔸Group: Nonmetals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 10,75 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: 0 eV 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1900 💠Radioactive but chemically inert (doesn’t react with other elements), used in cancer therapy.
× Francium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 87 protons and 136 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s1 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkali metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 20,9°C 🔸Boiling point: 650°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 3,94 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,7
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1939 💠Used for diagnostics for curing cancer.
× Radium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 88 protons and 138 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s2 🔹s-block🔹Family: Alkaline earth metals
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 700°C 🔸Boiling point: 1 737°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,279 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 0,9
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1898 💠Luminescent. In the past, it was used for clocks and "magic medications" until people discovered it was dangerous…
× Actinium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 89 protons and 138 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 6d1 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 050°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 200°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,17 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,1
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1899 💠Used as a source of radiation.
× Thorium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 90 protons and 142 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 6d2 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 750°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 820°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,08 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: 400 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1829 💠Used as a nuclear fuel.
× Protactinium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 91 protons and 140 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 572°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 000°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,89 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,5
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1913 💠Half-life: 1.17 minutes.
× Uranium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 92 protons and 146 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 135°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 900°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,194 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: 2400 MPa
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,38
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1789 💠Used as a nuclear fuel and in atomic bombs. Half-life: 4.5 billion years.
× Neptunium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 93 protons and 144 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 644°C 🔸Boiling point: 4 000°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,265 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,36
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1940 💠Good heat and electricity conductor.
× Plutonium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 94 protons and 150 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f6 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 640°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 230°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,060 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,28
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1940 💠Generates heat through its decay process. Used as a heat and power source for satellites. Also used in atomic bombs.
× Americium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 95 protons and 148 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f7 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 176°C 🔸Boiling point: 2 011°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 5,99 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1944 💠Widely used in household smoke detectors.
× Curium
Glowing
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 96 protons and 151 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 345°C 🔸Boiling point: 3 110°C 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,02 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1944 💠Used as an energy source in satellites.
× Berkelium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 97 protons and 150 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f9 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 050°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,23 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1949 💠Half-life: 330 days.
× Californium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 98 protons and 153 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f10 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 899,9°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,30 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1950 💠Stong neutron emitter. Used in portable metal detectors, identifying gold and silver ores, to detect metal fatigue and stress in aeroplanes.
× Einsteinium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 99 protons and 155 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f11 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 859,9°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,42 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1952 💠Half-life: 20.47 days.
× Fermium
Atomic bomb illustrating its use
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 100 protons and 157 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f12 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 500°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,50 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1952 💠Used in scientific research.
× Mendelevium
Illustration only
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 101 protons and 157 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f13 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 830°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,58 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1955 💠Half-life: 51.5 days.
× Nobelium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 102 protons and 157 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 7s2 🔹f-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 830°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,65 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: 1,3
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1958 💠Half-life: 58 minutes.
× Lawrencium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 103 protons and 157 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 🔹d-block🔹Family : Actinides
Physical properties 🔸Melting point: 1 600°C 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 4,87 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1961 💠Half-life: 3.6 hours.
× Rutherfordium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 104 protons and 157 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Titanium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): 6,01 eV 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1964 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 48 minutes.
× Dubnium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 105 protons and 157 neutrons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Vanadium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1967 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 16 hours.
× Seaborgium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 106 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Chromium
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1974 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 2.4 minutes.
× Bohrium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 107 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Manganese
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1981 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 61 seconds.
× Hassium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 108 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Iron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1984 💠Synthetic. Only a few atoms have ever been made. Half-life: 12 minutes.
× Meitnerium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 109 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Cobalt
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1982 💠Synthetic. Half-life: Less than a second.
× Darmstadium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 110 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Nickel
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1994 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 20 seconds.
× Roentgenium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 111 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Copper
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Transition metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1994 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 120 seconds.
× Copernicium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 112 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 🔹d-block🔹Family: Zinc
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Group: Metals 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1996 💠Synthetic. Only a few atoms have ever been made. Half-life: 30 seconds.
× Nihonium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 113 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 🔹p-block🔹Family: Boron
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Groupe : unknown 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2004 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 20 seconds.
× Flerovium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 114 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2 🔹p-block🔹Family: Carbon
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Groupe : unknown 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 1998 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 0.97 seconds.
× Moscovium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 115 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 🔹p-block🔹Family: Nitrogen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Groupe : unknown 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2004 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 220 milliseconds.
× Livermorium
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 116 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oxygen
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Groupe : unknown 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2000 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 53 milliseconds.
× Tenessine
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 117 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 🔹p-block🔹Family: Tennessine
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Groupe : unknown 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2010 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 80 milliseconds.
× Oganesson
Structure 🔹Nucleus: 118 protons 🔹Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 🔹p-block🔹Family: Oganesson
Physical properties 🔸Melting point unknown 🔸Boiling point unknown 🔸Atomic radius (calculated): unknown 🔸Groupe : unknown 🔸Radioactive nucleus🔸Ionization Energy (1st): unknown 🔸Electron Affinity: unknown 🔸Brinell scale: N/A
Chemical properties 🟢 Electronegativity: N/A
Context 💠Year Discovered: 2006 💠Synthetic. Half-life: 0.89 milliseconds.
White : Stable elements Yellow : Rare natural radioactive elements Orange : Common natural radioactive elements Red : Artificial radioactive elements
View :
Hide Atomic number
Hide Mass number
Select :
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Metalloids
Non metals
Halogens
Noble gases
s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
Sort :
Stability